The Department of Neurosurgery has established a research program to monitor precisely the electrical and chemical activity of the mammalian brain at both single cell and neural network levels. By recording how the electrical signaling of neurons regulates dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitter activity in the midbrain, we are investigating the pathological mechanisms underlying depression, anxiety, and drug addiction. This program is further aimed at developing therapeutic interventions by manipulating and adjusting the electrical activity of the neural circuitry involved in the disorders.